About 'nursing schools in massachusetts'|...it would be. O gentlemen, you do not know whom Liberty has nursed in These States, and depends on in time of need. You have not...
Introduction Perhaps, it can be argued that women had the right to an education long before they attained the right to vote. However, the biggest irony is that the education that women received was not equal to that of a man. Education for women from a historical perspective reflected the role that women were expected to play in society: wife, mother, and daughter. In fact, it was an extension of the role that women typically carried out in the home. As noted earlier, it could be said that the education that women received supplemented the role that they were expected to play in society. Furthermore, not every woman was allowed to receive an education in fact many women in American society was eliminated from this process altogether namely African American women. In fact, there are many supporters and advocates of this amendment that are actively advocating to make sure that the ground that has been gained is not lost through political maneuvering and special interest groups that are lobbying to have this amendment altered. The objective of this paper is to examine this amendment from a historical perspective; define it from a legal point of view; as well as, scrutinize the overall impact that this amendment has had on gender equality for both males and females in general; investigate some of the common myths surrounding this controversial amendment; and explore some of the key areas that this amendment protects since its implementation in 1972. History Title IX is an amendment to the Civil Rights Act that was passed in 1964. It is an amendment to the Civil Rights that was passed to ensure that women would have equal access that would enable them to receive an adequate and equal education. Most people associate the Title IX as the admendment that was responsible for opening up the legal door that allowed women to play sports and have their sports programs funded. However, as a consequence of Title IX it did guarantee that women and girls would be able to receive a quality education, gain access to programs that would provide assistance for them in other educational areas other than just gaining the right to participate in sports. In fact, Title IX was an amendment to the Civil Arts Act that was passed in 1964; "In 1972, Congress passed Title IX of the Education Amendments Act, supposedly mandating equality for women in educational facilities" (Strom 317). Allowing women to play sports in an educational setting is what people tend to remember about Title IX, however long before Title IX went into effect there was always some type of restriction on the type of sports women were allowed to participate in. This was based on a fear that women could get hurt if they were to engage in any type of contact sport. "The Olympics began in the 1900 with clear strictures against the participation of most team sports, especially those sports that include body contact" (Strom 317). What is Title IX? The Title IX amendment was implemented to create equal educational opportunities for both females and males. Most people think that Title IX is a program that protects women exclusively, however that is not necessarily true. In fact, this is an amendment that has benefitted women in many educational settings, and provides programs that have supported women in helping to elevate past practices that have created inequity in the classroom environment. To put it another way, "Title IX was the first comprehensive federal law to prohibit sex discrimination against students and employees of educational institutions" (Sadker & Sadker). There are other key areas that are covered by this amendment as well. "Under this law, males and females are expected to receive fair and equal treatment in all areas of public schooling" (Sadker & Sadker). This is a law that is meant to offer equal protection for both males and females and these are some of the areas that are covered by this law, "recruitment, admissions, educational programs and activities, course offerings and access, counseling, financial aid, employment assistance, facilities and housing health and insurance benefits, marital and parental status, scholarships, sexual harassment, and athletics" (Sadker & Sadker). Simple Definition The definition of Title IX states, "No person in the United States shall on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance" (Ford 194). Legal Definition The definition of Title IX states, "Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, 20 U.S.C Sect. 1681 (20 United States Code section 1681) et seq. (Title IX), is a Federal statute that was created to prohibit sex discrimination in education that receive Federal financial assistance" (ncca.org, pg. 1). Since nearly all education programs receive some form of federal assistance or funding, which makes it a fact that they must comply with the rules and regulations set forth by the Title IX amendment. It states, "The regulation implementing the Title IX statue is at 34 C. F. R. (34 Code of Federal Regulations) Part 106" (NCAA.Org). What school levels are covered? What schools are covered under Title IX? This is what the law states, "Title IX protects students, faculty and staff in federally funded education programs" (Sadker & Sadker). What that means is that Title IX protects elementary schools, secondary schools, and colleges and universities. This protection also covers, "programs and activities affiliated with schools that receive federal funds and to federally funded education programs run by other entities such as correctional facilities health care entities, unions and businesses" (Sadker & Sadker). As you can see the areas that are covered under Title IX is broad in a sense any school that receives any form of federal assistance must comply with Title IX regulations and requirements. Who is responsible for enforcing Title IX? This is a question that is often asked by those who want to understand, who is responsible for enforcing Title IX program requirements. The law has specific requirements for how this enforcement should be carried out, "Every school by law is required to designate a Title IX Coordinator. Contact information for the Title IX Coordinator must be readily available to school faculty, staff and students" (Sadker & Sadker). As a consequence of this policy it has made it easier for students, faculty, coaches and others that are involved in education programs or attending educational institutions to have access to this information. Not to mention, "Coordinators of Title IX programs, faculty, students, coaches, and community members can file a complaint of Title IX violation with the Office of Civil Rights" (Sadker & Sadker). Myths There are many myths that surround what some people the Title IX program is and also what it is not. Let's examine some of these myths and provide accurate facts that will help to increase awareness about what this amendment actually is: One of the common myths is that associated with this amendment is that its sole purpose is it mainly protects athletics when in fact, "Title IX applies to every aspect of federally funded education programs. In fact athletics is only one of 10 major areas addressed by the law" (TitleIX.Info) Another common myth is that Title IX only applies to females. That is not accurate, "Both male and female students are protected by Title IX" (TitleIX.Info). An additional, myth is the misconception that some people continue to perceive, that sexual harassment is not discrimination and they seem to think it is harmless. When in fact under the protection that Title IX offers an individual, "sexual harassment is a form of prohibited sex discrimination in which both students and teachers can recover monetary damages" (TitleIX.Info). The law clearly states that, "Title IX prohibits sexual harassment in all school programs and activities in school facilities or in other locations when the school is the sponsor of the activity (TitleIX.Info). The fourth common myth that people continue to think is that Title IX has done its job. They seem to think that gender equity within the classroom has been accomplished through the passage of this amendment. When in fact here are some statistics that refute this claim, "Just 21 percent of all full time professors at colleges and universities are women" (TitleIX.Info). Not to mention, there is still a huge discrepancy in the number of women who receive higher level degrees from technology and science related college programs, "Women receive only 20 percent of computer science and engineering-related technology bachelor's degrees" (TitleIX.Info). Key Areas of Title IX: With the passage of Title IX, some of the areas that this amendment covers: access to higher education; athletics; career education; education for pregnant and parenting students; and, sexual harassment just to name a few. This is by no means a complete list, this is just a simple overview of some of the areas in which Title IX have benefitted women as well as men in their pursuit of an education or has offered them added protection in the workplace against sexual harassment. Access to higher education Women did not have equal access to education in the same manner as their male counterparts. Before the passage of Title IX women had a delegated role in society namely one that regulated them to taking care of the home and rearing children. In fact that is why it is "hard to believe that until the '70s many colleges and universities refused to admit women" (TitleIX.Info). Based in large part on the stereotypes that prevailed about what roles women should undertake, it did not seem to matter that women wanted to have a more autonomous role that created a separation of what society thought they should be doing and one that was based on what women actually wanted to do. Without this amendment it is safe to say that based on this statement, "It was believed that women were more concerned with marriage and children than higher education" (TitleIX.Info). Women would not have been given the opportunity to access higher education if how society viewed women roles did not change. Athletics Athletics is the area that people tend to think about when they think about Title IX, and before the implantation of this amendment, "The primary physical activities for girls were Cheerleading and square dancing. Only 1 in 27 girls played high school sports" (TitleIX.Info). Since the passage of Title IX, "more girls and young women have participated in sports activities, received scholarships to participate in sports on an intercollegiate level, and have greatly benefitted from the increased budgets that support women athletic programs" (TitleIX.Info). In addition, since Title IX women have been able to gain access to sporting events that were denied to them before, "There are more opportunities to compete at an elite level through competitions like the Olympics, World Championships and professional leagues"(TitleIX.Info). Career Education In all likelihood, if Title IX had not been implemented in career education programs for women these programs would still consist of classes that society considered appropriate, such as home economics, cooking, or sewing. Not to mention before Title IX, "Schools were allowed to deny women training in fields that society considered "inappropriate" for them" (TitleIX.Info). As a result of these institutional practices girls were trained to be placed in low paying jobs, such as, care givers of (children or the elderly), and jobs that were related to the health care field, in which they would not be able to support themselves. Since the implementation of this law which states, "schools can no longer legally shut doors to certain courses or training on the basis of sex" (TitleIX.Info). In this case Title IX not only applied to girls but it also applied to boys, "The law says girls must be free to pursue career training in courses like aviation, automotive repair, and architectural drafting, while boys can choose to pursue cooking, nursing, and cosmetology" (TitleIX.Info). Education for Pregnant and Parenting Students Before the passage of Title IX, if a teenage girl were to get pregnant, she would have been kicked out of school. As a consequence of Title IX, a teenage pregnancy does not have to interfere with a teenager's right to receive an adequate education in an educational facility that meet their needs. In fact, under the protections of Title IX, "schools are not allowed to treat pregnant or parenting students like second-classcitizens" (TitleIX.Info). Not only that, but she would be separated from her peers and forced to attend a school that other pregnant teens attended. However, one of the provisions of Title IX states, "Schools can have separate programs for pregnant moms, but enrollment in these programs must be voluntary and they must be of comparable quality to the other programs the school offers" (TitleIX.Info). Sexual Harassment To be sure, before the passage of Title IX both men and women had to endure different forms of sexual harassment that existed in an educational setting, many people tended to look upon it as "boys will be boys" whenever witnessed crude and disrespectful behavior towards females. That does not mean that men and boys did not experience this type of inappropriate behavior because "boys today are more likely to be harassed than boys were in 1983" (TitleIX.Info). Moreover, that is why societal views before Title IX had no impact to curb this type of behavior, "Making sexual innuendos, calling people sexually charged names, spreading rumors about sexual activity, or touching someone inappropriately used to be dismissed" (TitleIX.Info). However with the passage of Title IX which clearly states, "Sexual harassment in education setting includes any unwanted and unwelcome sexual behavior that significantly interferes with a student's access to educational opportunities (TitleIX.Info). The law is clear, because it states it is the school's responsibility to create a school environment in which students feel safe and one that allows students to be able to take advantage of the educational opportunities that are available to them. The Title IX amendment set forth by the Supreme Court plainly states, "That schools have an obligation under Title IX to prevent and address harassment against students, whether perpetrated by peers or by employees in the school system" (TitleIX.Info). Conclusion The objective of this paper is to examine Title IX from a historical perspective; define it from a legal point of view; as well as, scrutinize the overall impact that this amendment has had on gender equality for both males and females in general; investigate some of the common myths surrounding this controversial amendment; and explore some of the key areas that this amendment protects since its implementation in 1972. It has been said that gender inequality in an educational setting has been eliminated with the passage of the Title IX amendment. It is obvious that more still needs to be done when you consider, "Eight in 10 students experience some form of harassment during their school years, and more than 25 percent of them experience it often" (TItleIX.Info). Even though Title IX has improved some areas of education for both men and women, because many peope advocated for these changes; and they have been involved with monitoring this amendment; and, they continue to be responsible for making sure that it is being carried out according to the law. Even though some people would probably say that there are still discrepancies that exist between men and women. It is clear that girls have benefitted from Title IX, because more girls are actively involved with playing sports. However, it is a false assumption that girls have equal opportunities in all areas of sports. When in fact, "In 2000-02, only 44 percent of coaches of women's teams were women. In 1972, the number was over 90 percent" (TitleIX.Info). Lastly, it is clear that Title IX has helped women to gain in certain areas of education, however because that discrepancy was so large and was in place for so long Title IX is still a work in progress that will have to be amended whenever it becomes apparent that it still a need for it to be fine tuned. Additionally, there are still areas that need to be refined; women still have not acquired a level playing field that would put them on the same level as a men. Furthermore, society still has Victorian views about women even though there have been a lot of changes in society; the ideology of what women place in society should be still seems to be stuck in an earlier time in history. Works Cited Cullen-Dupont, Kathryn. The Encyclopedia of Women's History in America. New York: Facts on File, 1996. Ford, Lynne E. Women and Politics: the Pursuit of Equality. 2nd ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. National Collegiate Athletic Association. "Gender Equality/Title IX: Important Facts." NCAA. 2007. 24 September 2007 . Peach, Lucinda Joy. Women in Culture A Women's Study Anthology. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1998. Sadker, Myra, and Sadker David. Gender Equity: Still Knocking at the Classroom Door 2007 March. 24 September 2007 < http://www.sadker.org/ClassroomDoor.html >. Strom, Sharon Hartman. Major Issues in American History: Women's Rights. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 2003. The MARGARET Fund of NWLC. "I Exercise My Rights". 2005. 24 September 2007 < http://www.titleix.info/index.jsp >. Zophy, Angela Howard, and Kavenik, Frances M. Handbook of American Women's History. New York: Garland, 1990. |
Image of nursing schools in massachusetts
nursing schools in massachusetts Image 1
nursing schools in massachusetts Image 2
nursing schools in massachusetts Image 3
nursing schools in massachusetts Image 4
nursing schools in massachusetts Image 5
Related blog with nursing schools in massachusetts
- rockthetruth2.blogspot.com/... obesity initiative in schools" by Stephen Smith, Globe... because school nurses and public health... Fatso at Massachusetts Kids Last spring...
- theanti-modernist.blogspot.com/...a condom from a school nurse must first receive ... not require the school to contact parents...innocence, or so it would seem in Provincetown, Massachusetts. The school board ...
- joeniemczura.wordpress.com/...Tansen Nursing School. In 2011 he was... critical care nursing skills. He...from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (1977) and a...
- classicalliberalism.blogspot.com/...it would be. O gentlemen, you do not know whom Liberty has nursed in These States, and depends on in time of need. You have not...
- thegibranresourcecentre.blogspot.com/...the wave that breaks where no ear shall hear? It is the unheard in us that nurses our deeper sorrow. Yet it is also the unheard which carves...
- robertwernick.blogspot.com/...she disintegrated. Her family eventually put her in a madhouse of the second class, the kind where the nurses made off with the food packages sent to the...
- rougeknights.blogspot.com/... control became the law in Boston in 1970 . [1] White beat Louise Day Hicks who...anti-desegregation position as a member of the Boston School Committee. Hicks' slogan was the...
- quigleyblog.blogspot.com/...We remember World War II in the Alfred Eisenstaedt photograph of a sailor kissing a nurse in Time’s Square on V-J Day, the photograph masterfully composed around the sailor...
- coverthistory.blogspot.com/... organization in Cambridge, Massachusetts called the Independent... by Jackson in a 'special account.' Cord Meyer... room of a Washington nursing home. Propped up in...
- www.eurekalert.org/...this model can assist in mitigating the nursing faculty shortage and... school enrollment to keep pace..., Boston, Massachusetts. Support for this study...
Related Video with nursing schools in massachusetts
nursing schools in massachusetts Video 1
nursing schools in massachusetts Video 2
nursing schools in massachusetts Video 3
0 개의 댓글:
댓글 쓰기